Indications for other Investigations
- In an individual with low bone density or fracture history not explained by their known risk factors, including age, further investigation may be necessary. This should be guided by the severity of the osteoporosis and by the history and clinical findings.
- Investigations may include serum calcium, phosphate, creatinine, protein electrophoresis, liver function tests, full blood count, ESR, thyroid function tests, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and tests for coeliac disease.
- In men, total and free testosterone levels should be included.
- Biochemical markers of bone turnover are research techniques only at this time.
- Specialist referral should be considered for severe osteoporosis if no known risk factors or cause is identified following standard investigations.
